Ku ya 11 Nyakanga, i Beijing habaye inama yo guhanahana amakuru mu Bushinwa muri Amerika ku bijyanye n’ibicanwa bitwara ibicuruzwa bisukuye no gukumira umwanda. Muri iyo nama, impuguke zibishinzwe z’inganda zikomoka kuri peteroli zo muri Amerika n’inzobere mu kurengera ibidukikije mu Bushinwa zaganiriye ku bunararibonye bwabo ku ngingo nko gukumira no kurwanya ihumana ry’ikirere, ndetse n’ubunararibonye bwo guteza imbere peteroli muri Amerika.
Chai Fahe wahoze ari visi perezida w’ishuri ry’ubumenyi bw’ibidukikije mu Bushinwa, yavuze ko mu myaka yashize, ahantu henshi mu Bushinwa hakomeje kwibasirwa n’umwanda. Mu karere, akarere ka Beijing Tianjin Hebei karacyari akarere gafite umwanda ukabije w’ikirere.
Liu Yongchun, umushakashatsi wungirije w'ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi ku bidukikije cy’ibidukikije mu Ishuri Rikuru ry’Ubumenyi ry’Ubushinwa, yavuze ko mu gihe cyo gusesengura ibitera umwanda uhumanya ikirere mu Bushinwa, byagaragaye ko ibipimo by’umwanda ku giti cye byari byoroshye kugera ku gipimo, ariko ibipimo byibintu byari bigoye kugenzura. Impamvu zuzuye zari zigoye, kandi ibice byatewe no guhindura icyiciro cya kabiri cy’imyanda ihumanya byagize uruhare runini mu gushinga igihu.
Kugeza ubu, imyuka y’ibinyabiziga imaze kuba isoko y’imyuka ihumanya ikirere yo mu karere, harimo monoxyde de carbone, hydrocarbone na okiside ya azote, PM (ibintu byangiza, soot) n’indi myuka yangiza. Ibyuka bihumanya bijyana cyane nubwiza bwa lisansi.
Mu myaka ya za 1950, ibyabaye kuri "Photochemical smog" byabereye i Los Angeles n'ahandi muri Amerika byatumye hashyirwaho itegeko rigenga ikirere cy’ikirere cya Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika. Muri icyo gihe, Amerika yasabye guteza imbere lisansi ya Ethanol. Itegeko ry’ikirere cyiza ryabaye igikorwa cya mbere cyo guteza imbere lisansi ya Ethanol muri Amerika, itanga ishingiro ryemewe ry’iterambere rya Ethanol. Mu 1979, Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika zashyizeho “Gahunda y’iterambere rya Ethanol” ya guverinoma ihuriweho na Leta, itangira guteza imbere ikoreshwa ry’ibicanwa bivanze birimo 10% bya Ethanol.
Biofuel Ethanol ninziza nziza ya octane itagira uburozi hamwe na ogisijeni yongewe kuri lisansi. Ugereranije na lisansi isanzwe, lisansi ya E10 ya lisansi (lisansi irimo 10% ya biofuel etanol) irashobora kugabanya PM2.5 hejuru ya 40% muri rusange. Igenzura ry’ibidukikije ryakozwe n’ishami ry’igihugu rishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije mu turere aho lisansi ya Ethanol itezwa imbere yerekana ko lisansi ya Ethanol ishobora kugabanya cyane imyuka y’umwuka wa karubone, hydrocarbone, uduce ndetse n’ibindi bintu byangiza mu mwuka w’ibinyabiziga.
Raporo y’ubushakashatsi “Ingaruka za lisansi ya Ethanol ku bwiza bw’ikirere” yasohotse mu nama ngarukamwaka ya gatanu y’igihugu ya Ethanol yerekanaga kandi ko Ethanol ishobora kugabanya PM2.5 y’ibanze mu gusohora imodoka. Ongeraho 10% ya lisansi Ethanol kuri lisansi isanzwe yimodoka zisanzwe zirashobora kugabanya imyuka yangiza imyuka ya 36%, mugihe kumodoka nyinshi zisohora imyuka, irashobora kugabanya ibyuka byangiza imyuka ya 64,6%. Ifumbire mvaruganda muri PM2.5 ya kabiri ifitanye isano itaziguye nibintu bya aromatique muri lisansi. Gukoresha Ethanol kugirango usimbuze aromatike zimwe muri lisansi birashobora kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya PM2.5.
Byongeye kandi, lisansi ya Ethanol irashobora kandi kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere nko kubitsa mu cyumba cyaka cya moteri yimodoka na benzene, kandi bikanoza imikorere yimodoka ya catalitike ihindura.
Kuri Ethanol ya biyogi, isi yo hanze nayo ihangayikishijwe nuko ikoreshwa ryinshi rishobora kugira ingaruka kubiciro byibiribwa. Icyakora, James Miller wahoze ari umunyamabanga wungirije w’ishami ry’ingufu muri Amerika akaba n’umuyobozi w’isosiyete ngishwanama ya politiki y’ubuhinzi n’ibinyabuzima yitabiriye iyi nama, yavuze ko mu myaka mike ishize, Banki y’isi nayo yanditse impapuro. Bavuze ko ibiciro by'ibiribwa mu by'ukuri byatewe n'ibiciro bya peteroli, bitatewe na peteroli. Kubwibyo, gukoresha bioethanol ntabwo bizahindura cyane igiciro cyibicuruzwa.
Kugeza ubu, lisansi ya Ethanol ikoreshwa mu Bushinwa igizwe na lisansi isanzwe 90% na Ethanol 10%. Kuva mu 2002, Ubushinwa bumaze guteza imbere Ethanol y’amavuta. Muri iki gihe, Ubushinwa bwemeje inganda zirindwi za Ethanol gukora Ethanol y’amavuta, kandi bukora ibikorwa byo gufunga indege mu turere 11, twavuga nka Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Anhui na Shandong. Kugeza mu 2016, Ubushinwa bwakoze toni zigera kuri miliyoni 21.7 za Ethanol na toni miliyoni 25.51 za dioxyde de carbone ihwanye.
Umubare w’ibinyabiziga bifite moteri i Beijing Tianjin Hebei no mu turere tuyikikije ni miliyoni 60, ariko akarere ka Beijing Tianjin Hebei ntikashyizwe mu ndege ya peteroli ya Ethanol.
Wu Ye, visi perezida w’ishuri ry’ibidukikije muri kaminuza ya Tsinghua, yavuze ko mu buryo bushyize mu gaciro, gukoresha lisansi ya Ethanol ifite formulaire yumvikana itatumye ubwiyongere bukabije bw’ikoreshwa rya lisansi n’ikoreshwa ry’ingufu; Kubintu bitandukanye bya lisansi, ibyuka bihumanya biratandukanye, byiyongera kandi bigabanuka. Gutezimbere lisansi yuzuye ya Ethanol mu karere ka Beijing Tianjin Hebei igira ingaruka nziza mu kugabanya PM2.5. Benzin ya Ethanol irashobora kuba yujuje ubuziranenge 6 bwigihugu kubinyabiziga bigenzura neza.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira-26-2022